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| − | :''For other uses, see [[Pharaoh (disambiguation)]]
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| − | {{Egyptian Dynasty list}}
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| − | {{Template:Hiero|Pharaoh "''Pr-Aa''"<br>|<hiero>O1:O29</hiero>|align=right|era=egypt}}
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| − | '''Pharaoh''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]] '''فرعون {{unicode|Firʻawn}}''') ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] '''{{hbrppe}}{{hbrpatah}}{{hbrresh}}{{hbrshva}}{{hbrayin}}{{hbrholam}}{{hbrhe}} {{unicode|Parʻō}}'''); is a title used to refer to the kings (of godly status) in [[ancient Egypt]].
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| − | [[Image: Egyptian Pharaoh.jpg|thumb|200px|left| Egyptian Pharaoh sculpture {{3d_glasses}}]]
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| − | ==Etymology==
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| − | The term derives ultimately from the [[Egyptian language|Egyptian]] words '''''Pr-Aa''''' meaning "Great House." Originally a term for the royal palace, this word came into vogue to refer to the king. The earliest certain instance of the term "pharaoh" is in a letter addressed to [[Thutmose III]] in the mid-[[Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt|Eighteenth Dynasty]] ([[1539 BC|1539]]-[[1292 BC]]). By the [[Twenty-second dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-Second Dynasty]] (c. [[945 BC|945]]-c. [[720 BC]]) this usage had been extended and was now used occasionally just as '''''hm.f''''' "His Majesty" was used in earlier periods. It was not the official title, but was used in letters to the monarch. It is frequently used by modern historians due to its use in the [[Bible]], especially the [[Book of Exodus]], and in the ancient Greek and Roman writers; although the Bible, at least in the Hebrew original, treats ''pharaoh'' like a [[proper name]] rather than like a title. Although it's used to refer to more then one person (...one Pharaoh died and a new Pharaoh arose...), so it's clearly used as a title, even when the text uses it like a name.
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| − | ==Open problems==
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| − | There are many questions surrounding the ancient Egyptian kings/pharaohs. Below are just a few:
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| − | *It is unknown who was the first king of Egypt. It may have been [[Menes]] or [[Narmer]]. Narmer is attested archaeologically, but Menes is not; it is possible that Menes is mythological, or that Menes and Narmer are the same person. If Menes existed as a separate person from Narmer, it is unknown which of them came first.
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| − | *Scholars have wondered whether [[Ramesses III]] defended Egypt against the [[Sea People]] because they were invading, or whether they were people fleeing to Egypt in the middle of a war. It is unclear whether [[Ramesses III]] or [[Amenemhat I]] were assassinated.
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| − | *The exact circumstances surrounding the disappearance of [[Akhenaten]]'s wife, [[Nefertiti]], are unknown. The body of [[Akhenaten]] himself has not been found, and it is unknown whether Akhenaten was killed or exiled. The exact nature of [[Atenism|what Akhenaten believed]] is also still [[debate]]d by scholars. The parentage of the next pharaoh, [[Tutankhamun]], is uncertain, and the date and nature of his death is unknown.
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| − | *What happened to [[Hatshepsut]] is unknown and Hatshepsut's relationship with [[Senenmut]] is debated.
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| − | *While it is clear [[Cleopatra VII of Egypt|Cleopatra]] was [[Greeks|Greek]] and not Egyptian, her father having been [[Ptolemy XII Auletes]], it is unclear who her mother was, although probably Ptolemy's half sister Cleopatra Selene.
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| − | *Little is known about the reign of Pharaoh [[Smendes I]], and it is possible that Egypt split during his governance.
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| − | *It is unclear whether [[Khababash]] of the [[Thirtieth dynasty of Egypt|Thirtieth Dynasty]] was a true pharaoh, and his origins are also a mystery.
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| − | *It is unknown whether [[Necho II]] really sent out an expedition, which sailed from the [[Red Sea]] around [[Africa]] back to the mouth of the [[Nile]].
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| − | ==Regalia and titles==
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| − | {{Hiero/2cartouche|align=right|era=nk|name=Ramesses II|praenomen=<hiero>ra-wsr-mAat-ra*stp:n</hiero>|nomen=<hiero>i-mn:n:N36-ra:Z1-ms-s-sw</hiero>}}
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| − | The king of Egypt wore a double [[crown (headgear)|crown]], created from the Red Crown of [[Lower Egypt]] and the White Crown of [[Upper Egypt]]. It was adorned by a [[uraeus]], which was doubled under the [[Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fifth Dynasty]]. Egyptologist [[Bob Brier]] has noted that despite its widespread depiction in royal portraits, no actual ancient Egyptian crown has ever been discovered. [[Tutankhamun]]'s tomb, discovered largely intact, did contain such regal items as his crook and flail, but did not contain a crown. Crowns were assumed to have magical properties, and Brier's speculation is there were items a dead pharaoh could not take with him and, therefore, had to be passed along to his living successor.
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| − | The official titulary of the king by the [[New Kingdom]] consisted of [[Fivefold Titulary|five names]]; for some rulers, we know only one or two of them.
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| − | ==See also==
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| − | *[[List of Pharaohs]]
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| − | *[[Egyptian chronology]] - [[Conventional Egyptian chronology]]
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| − | *[[History of Egypt]]
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| − | *[[Monarch]]
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| − | *[[Fivefold Titulary]]
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| − | ==Bibliography==
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| − | *Sir [[Alan Gardiner]] ''Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs'', Third Edition, Revised. London: Oxford University Press, 1964. Excursus A, pp. 71-76.
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| − | *Brier, Bob. PhD. History of Ancient Egypt (Audio). ''The First Nation in History''. The Learning Company. 2001.
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| − | ==External links==
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| − | *[http://www.kingscalendar.com/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=viewnews&id=71 ''Pharaoh of the Exodus'' article] The Kings Calendar
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| − | * [http://www.insecula.com/contact/A001726.html/ Tutankhamun: Pictures]
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| − | * [http://www.tyndale.cam.ac.uk/Egypt/index.htm Egyptian Royal Genealogy]
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| − | * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/Welcome.html Digital Egypt for Universities]
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| − | {{Ancient Egypt}}
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| − | [[Category:Pharaohs|*]]
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| − | [[Category:Torah people]]
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| − | [[Category:Positions of authority]]
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| − | [[Category:Titles]]
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| − | [[af:Farao]]
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| − | [[ca:Faraó]]
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| − | [[da:Farao]]
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| − | [[de:Pharao]]
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| − | [[es:Faraón]]
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| − | [[eo:Faraono]]
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| − | [[fr:Pharaon]]
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| − | [[gv:Ny Reeaghyn Eajiptagh]]
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| − | [[hr:Popis faraona]]
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| − | [[io:Faraono di Egiptia]]
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| − | [[id:Firaun]]
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| − | [[it:Faraone]]
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| − | [[he:פרעה]]
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| − | [[la:Pharao]]
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| − | [[lt:Faraonas]]
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| − | [[hu:Fáraó]]
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| − | [[nl:Farao]]
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| − | [[ja:ファラオ]]
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| − | [[no:Farao]]
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| − | [[pl:Faraon]]
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| − | [[pt:Faraó]]
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| − | [[ru:Фараон (титул)]]
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| − | [[sr:Фараон]]
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| − | [[simple:Pharaoh]]
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| − | [[sl:Faraon]]
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| − | [[fi:Faarao]]
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| − | [[sv:Farao]]
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| − | [[zh:法老]]
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